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In the context of India, according to the Constitution, we are a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government. This is a type of political system which India has adopted. Similarly, other types of political structures also exist in this political context. These political structures mirror the government activity and law enforcement of any country in the world. In this article we will discuss about different types of government, governance and administration. So, stay tuned to the article.
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Political System – To know the political perspective of any country, it can be understood from the functioning of the government of that country. In this article we will discuss about the forms of government and political systems. We believe that it will be beneficial from examination point of view and it will also help in doing the above given questionnaire. Before attempting the questionnaire related to this topic, please read this article.
If we study about any political system, we find that all the political systems are not different from each other, that is, they are very similar to each other, there is only difference in the working style.
If we follow the theory of Yale Professor Juan Jose Linz, according to him there are three main types of political systems present today.
01) Democracy,
02) Totalitarian rule,
03) In between these two, authoritarian rule with mixed rule.
Basic forms of government and political system –
Generally all political thinkers believe that any government or political system can be basically divided into three categories. Democratic governments, Non-democratic governments and Other types of governments. Let us understand through the table given below which political systems are included in these three governance systems.
| Democratic Government | Direct Democracy, Representative Democracy or Republic Government, Parliamentary Government, Constitutional Monarchy. |
| Non- Democratic Government | Authoritarian, Totalitarian, Oligarchy, Technocracy, Theocracy, Dictatorship, Absolute Monarchy. |
| Other Type of Government | Communist, Colonialist, Aristocratic |
When we go through with the political theory we came across these different Forms of Government given below –
- Anarchy
- Aristocracy
- Authoritarianism
- Bureaucracy
- Capitalism
- Confederation
- Colonialism
- Communism
- Corporatocracy
- Democracy
- Electocracy
- Ergatocracy
- Fascism
- Federalism
- Feudalism
- Geniocracy
- Imperialism
- Kakistocracy
- Kleptocracy
- Logocracy
- Meritocracy
- Military Dictatorship
- Monarchy
- Oligarchy
- Plutocracy
- Republicanism
- Socialism
- Statism
- Technocracy
- Theocracy
- Totalitarianism
- Tribalism
Here we will consider some of these major political arrangements which may be more important in the context of examination –
Democracy
- Democracy is a political system in which the power of the government is vested in the general people of the country.
- In a Democratic system of political atmosphere, country’s people are involved in choosing its leader or head of the government.
- Democracy helps in maintaining law and order with concept of power sharing.
- Democracy helps citizens to choose their leaders to run the government by free and fair elections.
- Democracy provides equal rights among all the citizens of the country irrespective of caste, religion and sex.
- The people of the democratic country are directly involved in the process of forming a government.
- In the democratic form of political system, it is very clear, who is authorized to make decisions, what are the ways the government is responsible to the people.
- In the democratic form of political system, the rights of every citizen are protected by law.
- Formation of the government is based on election by the people.
- A person or a party gets majority in general election, could form the government.
- A political system in which the supreme power of the government is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.
Monarchy (Samrat)
- The political system of a country or government rule by a king or queen.
- A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.
- The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic, to fully autocratic.
- The political authority of the monarch can span across executive, legislative, and judiciary.
- A monarchy is a type of political system where the head of the state gets into power without an election.
- A monarchy is ruled by a hereditary leader, such as a king. Monarchies can be absolute, constitutional, or ceremonial.
Dictatorship
- A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader.
- A group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations.
- Dictatorship as a Form of Government.
- A dictatorship is a government in which a single person or small group holds all the power,
- In a dictatorial political system, one person has complete authority to run the government.
- Dictatorship is a type of political system where the ruling person has full control of the state institutions and the entire society.
Oligarchy
- Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.
- These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility. fame, wealth, education, corporate, religious, political, or military.
- An oligarchy is ruled by a smaller group.
- There are many different kinds of oligarchies. In many places, the military holds the power.
- An oligarchy is ruled by a group of influential people rather than a single king.
Aristocracy
- In the political system of Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged or ruling class called as the aristocrats.
- The word Aristocract origins in ancient Greece.
- It is believed that the Greeks envisioned it as rule by the best-qualified citizens.
- The Greeks often contrasted it favorably with monarchy, rule by an individual.
- Aristocracy differs from nobility in that nobility refers to a single lineage ruling, whereas aristocracy refers to a few or more bloodlines ruling, or rulers.
- In Aristrocracy form of government the power is held by some of the land-owning people.
- An aristocracy is a bit different than an oligarchy.
Representative Democracy
- Representative democracy is a type of democracy,
- In the Representative democracy is a type of political system where the representatives are elected by the public.
- Nearly all modern Western-style democracies function as some type of representative democracy.
- some examples of the countries where the representative democracy works, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and the United States of America.
- Democratic republic a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.
Communism
- Communism A communist government political system
- Communism is usually based on a particular ideology of communism taught by Karl Marx or Vladimir Lenin.
- Communism is a Type of political system where the government controls and distributes resources to its citizens.
Anarchy
Anarchy is a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority.
Republic
- The word republic is based on the Latin phrase res-publica.
- In republic form of political system is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives.
- The nature of republican political system is different from monarchy political system.
- In a republic political system the representatives are freely elected by the general citizen of the country.
- In a republic laws are made by representatives chosen by the people .
- In a republican political system, the government has to follow the Constitution of the country. Which especially protects the rights of the people there.
- Republican political system is a system where the supreme power rest in the people of their country.
- All the citizens entitled to vote for the representatives who are responsible to them.
- Broadly defined, that a republican political system is a government system without a monarch.
Absolute Monarchy
- Absolute monarchy is a form of political system where there is a single source of complete political power.
- In a completely monarchical political system, the rights of monarchs cannot be restricted by any constitution or legislature.
- A political system in which complete political, economic, social, religious power is vested in a king or a dictator.
Dependent Territory
- A dependent territory is also a form of political system where a country is fully dependent on some other state or country.
- In this type of political system, the dependent area is a territory which does not possess full political independence.
- In this type of political system, the dependent area is not the part of sovereignty or not a part of any sovereign state.
- In this type of political system, the dependent area politically outside the controlling state’s integral area.
- A dependent area is a place without government or governance.
- A sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories.
Presidential system
- A presidential system is also a form of political system, where there is a single executive of the state.
- In this political system, president is the head of government,
- Typically, in this political system the president, leads an executive branch in the country.
- In this political system there is no concept of separation of powers.
- The presidential system is also known as the presidential rule, presidential republic, federal republic, people’s republic, and Islamic republic.
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